THE purpose of this research is to investigate THE factors affecting THE formation of leading schools, so that it can be used in Iran's education. For this purpose, first, according to THE research background and THEoretical foundations, a conceptual framework was presented in THE field of THE components of an efficient and progressive school. Due to THE nature of THE subject, this research is an applied and developmental research and its method is of a mixed type, and includes quantitative and qualitative methods. According to THE obtained information, THE statistical population is about 3000 people. THE sample size is estimated to be 344 people using Morgan's table. Stratified sampling method was used for sampling in this research, and 84 managers and 260 teachers participated in this study. THE tool of this research is a researcher-made questionnaire. To analyze THE data and answer THE research questions, THE correlation coefficient test and factor analysis were used. THE results of THE research showed that THE components of management and leadership, research factors, educational factors, human resources, budget and infrastructure, technology and equipment are THE main components of THE formation of leading schools, and THE component of educational factors has THE largest contribution.

THE purpose of THE current research was to investigate THE obstacles to THE implementation of school-based management in Iran's educational SYSTEM based on THE interpretive structural modeling approach. THE research method was a modeling study. THE statistical population of THE research was specifically THE academic staff members of THE university, 25 of whom were purposefully selected from THE desired cases. THE data collection tool was a researcher-made self-interactive questionnaire. In order to measure and evaluate THE validity of THE questionnaire, THE criterion of content validity was used. THE content validity of THE questionnaire was 0.96. THE data analysis was done with interpretive structural modeling method. THE results of THE research showed that 9 factors play a role as barriers to school-oriented management. Also, THE results showed that financial obstacles (THE cost of school-oriented management), socio-cultural obstacles and political obstacles (political focus on schools by THE central government) as key independent variables have high influence power and low dependence. Also, THE results showed that THE lack of belief in THE professional competence of school administrators, THE lack of infrastructure facilities, THE emphasis of upper management on THE supervision and control of schools, and THE lack of cooperation of local communities with school-based management as THE linking variables with THE greatest power of influence and THE greatest power of dependence. and THE centralism in THE education SYSTEM of THE country and THE lack of legal powers to school managers and staff as dependent variables have high dependency power and low influence power.

current research is to critically analyze THE discourse of world peace in THE textbooks of THE Iranian educational SYSTEM based on THE THEory of identification by L& M. For this purpose, THE textbooks between THE years 1357-1392 (primary period and first period high school) have been analyzed. This article has been done with THE combined method of analyzing THE discourse of Fairclough, L &M and focusing on THE following questions: What was THE status of THE world peace discourse in THE educational documents of this era? What subjects are THEse educational materials trying to create? What role have THE dominant political discourses in this era played in shaping THE identity of THEse subjects? THE findings show that THE discourse of world peace in educational books and documents has been rejected due to THE demarcation between Islamic and non-Islamic, internal and external. Power processes have tried to create militant and vengeful subjects with a military identity. THE factor of persuasion of THE subjects is THE axiomatization of THE ideologies of THE revolution with an Islamic nature. Also, THE educational content by inducing specific defense ideologies has formed pacifist identities in all individual, interpersonal, social and international dimensions.

A B S T R A C TTHE morphology of each region is related to its landforms, THE morphology of flat areas is related to inselbergs. THE presence of inselbergs in desert and dry areas gives a special appearance to THE morphology of THEse areas. THE study of THEse landforms and THE effective factors in THEir formation is considered a necessity in terms of regional development. According to THE studies, various factors play a role in THE formation of inselbergs, and THE role of lithology seems to be more prominent. In this research, which was conducted with THE method of field and library studies, we identified 18 inselbergs in Safi Abad plain and by studying THEm, we came to THE conclusion that THE inselbergs of this plain are mainly formed in sedimentary rocks such as limestone, conglomerate and sandstone. Among THE geological formations, THE largest and most diverse inselbergs in THE Safiabad plain are formed in THE mass conglomerate formation with good hardening because this formation is THE most widespread in this plain. But THE most typical inselbergs of this plain are formed in thick layered limestone. Because this formation is more resistant to erosion. Lar Formations including Limestone and Thick Limestone’s to Mass Dolomite and Delichai Formations have also played an important role in THE formation of inselbergs in this plain. Although THE extent of THEse formations is not significant, but due to THEir significant resistance to erosion and being far from THEse processes, THEy have caused THE formation of evolved inselbergs in this plainExtended AbstractIntroductionInselbergs are ridges with a height of less than 500 meters formed with a steep slope in THE plains. THEir resistance to erosion has caused THEm to be considered capable players in THE morphology of arid and semi-arid regions. Due to THEir uniqueness in desert areas, THEse areas are of interest to tourists, and THE economic situation of THEse areas can be improved by attracting tourists. THE prominence of inselbergs in desert areas has caused researchers to pay attention to THEir studies, THE most important of which are THE studies of Pye in Kenya (1984), Nenonen in Finland (2018), Luiza in Brazil (2021), Laetitia in Africa (2019), and Mashaal in Egypt (2020). Although THE conditions for inselberg formation are available in some areas of Iran, and THEse landforms have given a particular face to THE morphology of this country, no significant study has been done on THEm so far. This research attempts to investigate THE role of lithology in inselberg formation in Safi Abad Plain by using library and field studies. MethodologySafi Abad plain in THE norTHEast of Iran and North Khorasan province and in terms of geographical coordinates between 36-˚ 48-05 to 36-22-55˚ North and 37-57˚ East to 36-˚ 37-08 It is located at 57-58-11 east. Field and library studies were used to study THE inselbergs of this plain. THE entire region was surveyed in 2 years in THE field studies, and 18 inselbergs were identified. THEn, THE location and extent of THEir expansion were determined. In THE morphometry that was done as a survey, THE minimum height, length-to-width ratio of inselbergs, and THEir distance from each oTHEr were measured with GPS. THE study of THE concepts, definitions, and effective processes in inselberg formation was done with THE library method. THE maps of this research were drawn with Adobe Illustrator software. Results and discussionInselbergs are diverse in terms of morphology; in THE studied area, 18 inselbergs were identified, most of which are mixed. Most of THEm are rocky and have less vegetation. Regarding lithology, inselbergs are particular forms of igneous and metamorphic rocks, but some are also formed in oTHEr rocks. Although lithology plays an essential role in inselberg morphology, it cannot be claimed that inselbergs formed in THE same formation have THE same shape. Although THE dominant lithology of THE Safi Abad plain is formed from sedimentary rocks, due to THE different resistance of its formations, THE height, shape, and slope of THE inselbergs of this plain are different in different parts of THE region. THE difference in THEse characteristics has caused THE different shapes of THE land in this plain. According to THE studies of THE most resistant formations of Safi Abad plain against erosion, limestone is a thick layer of chert mass formed due to THE resistance against THE erosion of THE complete inselbergs.After this formation, THE Lar formation consists of fine-grained uniform dolomitic limestone with thick to massive layering, which is more resistant; that is why many inselbergs in THE region have formed in it. THE third formation in terms of resistance is THE Apsin-Albin unit, which includes orbitolinate limestone and thick limes to a mass of dolomite. Although this unit has a small area, its inselbergs are closer to typical inselbergs. In terms of area, most of THE area is composed of mass conglomerates with good hardening. Due to THE different effects of this formation from different processes, its inselbergs do not have THE same morphology. THE inselbergs formed in this formation are in THE middle part of THE high area, low in THE souTHErn part, incomplete in THE western part, and incomplete mushrooms in THE path of THE Gerati River. After this formation, gray shales are THE most resistant to erosion. This formation, which belongs to THE Jurassic period, has formed a large part of THE norTHEastern inselbergs. THE alternation of limestone and marl in THE Delichai formations in THE middle part of THE region provides THE basis for THE formation of mushroom-shaped inselbergs in THE future. ConclusionSafiabad Plain is in THE norTHEast of Iran, and in terms of geomorphological units, it is part of central Iran. Inselbergs form part of THE morphology of this plain. In this study, 18 inselbergs were identified in this plain, and THEir detailed study showed that THEir primary skeleton was established by tectonic activities in THE Devonian to Miocene period with THE formation of Posht Bahram mountains. It was formed when THE tectonic activities calmed down and in opposition to THE lithology and erosion of THE inselbergs of this plain. In terms of lithology, THE well-hardened conglomerate formation covers nearly 47% of this plain, and due to its large size and different distances from erosion processes, various inselbergs have been formed in it. THE souTHErn inselbergs formed in this formation have a regular shape due to wind and blue erosion. In contrast, THE middle inselbergs have an incomplete shape due to THE distance from higher erosion, and THE western inselbergs have an incomplete shape due to THE superiority of blue erosion. AnoTHEr formation that plays a vital role in this field is Lar Mei Formation. Although this is THE second formation in terms of size and strength, many inselbergs have formed in it. THE Shemshak formation is placed after THE Lar formation in terms of resistance. This formation has caused THE formation of chain inselbergs in THE norTHEast of THE region. THE most typical inselbergs of THE region are observed in THE thick layered limestones of THE formation (Maastrichtian). Also, this research found that inselbergs may be formed in all flat areas of THE world and even in sedimentary formations. However, THE inselbergs formed are far from those formed in tropical regions' igneous and metamorphic formations. FundingTHEre is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionTHE authors contributed equally to THE conceptualization and writing of THE article. All of THE authors approTHE contenttent of THE manuscript and agreed on all aspects of THE work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestTHE authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all THE scientific consultants of this paper.

Four important ways of religious education in THE field of beliefs are inferred in this article through THE nature of religion in THE Holy Quran. We have examined two categories of “nature of religion” and “methods of religious education” for this purpose. All verses including THE root of “د ـ ی ـ ن” (religion) have been investigated in order to properly understand THE nature of religion in THE Holy Quran. THEn, we have benefited from THE inference method to find THE ways of religious education in THE Holy Quran. In THE inferential method, we have reached THE “conclusion”, which is THE method of religious education by using two premises, “normative” and “realistic”. THE solutions of THE Holy Quran to achieve THE methods of religious education are explained in THE following. For example, using THE Scriptures directly to know THE right actions is one of THE solutions of THE Holy Quran to reach THE way of believing in THE punishment of deeds. THE achievement of religious education methods through discovering THE nature of religion and explaining THE purpose of education on THE one hand and using THE inferential method as a research method on THE oTHEr hand is one of THE innovations of this research. THE achievements of this paper can be used to provide an educational THEoretical model for formal and public education SYSTEM.

This study explores THE motivational components within teacher rating SYSTEMs and THEir impact on professional growth motivation. Employing a SYSTEMatic review approach, it investigates texts pertaining to teacher rating SYSTEMs, motivation, and professional development literature. By examining various texts and research findings on teacher motivation, factors influencing teacher ratings based on general, specialized, and professional competencies, as well as experience, are identified. Drawing parallels with Herzberg's motivational THEory, this study provides recommendations to bolster teacher motivation and job satisfaction through improvements in THE rating SYSTEM.

Sea shells are natural-biological objects. THEy are embedded in geological layers in THE form of fossils, but also, to find in archaeological deposits as a result of human activities. Archaeologists can use THE provenance of shells in THE functional analysis of ancient sites in terms of social archeology and prehistoric trading activities. Aarcheological excavations in several sites of THE Iranian Plateau have shown that from THE 3rd third millennium B.C. onwards, finds of of sea shells (e.g. Lambis, Dentalium, etc.) rapidely increased. Such shells were for instance discovered from ritual cemetery contexts such as Shahdad, Tepe Hesar, Kale Nisar cemeteries or Bani Surma. THEse objects are mainly used as natural or polished shells. In some cases, THEy served as a raw material for making all kinds of beads, buttons, and oTHEr ornamental objects.. THE main question is to understand THE relationship between THE use of seashells and archaeological context, and also, THEir role in Bronze Age ritual life. In this article, THE descriptive, analytical method has been used in THE biological recognition of all types of shells. This method is also used based on similar studies on this issue in Mesopotamia's archeology of THE Sumerian-Akkadian period. THE distribution of recognizable species shows that THEse objects are concentrated in THE settlements from south to souTHEast of Iran in THE coastal strip of THE Persian Gulf, and from THE Oman Sea to THE Zagros intermountain valleys, as well as in THE northwest and norTHEast of Iran. THE biological origin can be placed in THE norTHErn shores of THE Oman Sea to THE Gulf of Kutch on THE norTHErn coast of THE Indian Ocean. It seems that with THE growth and development of urbanization in Southwest Asia and especially THE development of sea trade, oysters have been traded as valuable goods and oTHEr prestige goods. THE importance of THE shell findings is more than THE value of THE shells THEmselves because THEy were used as sacred goods in religious affairs. Analysis of THE fields where THE shells were discovered is more related to cemeteries and temples as sacred spaces. Also, THE significant presence of Lambis shells for THE production of specific ritual bowls, placed togeTHEr with bronze axes in graves, can be seen as THE reflection of a patriarchic tradition in THE social-political organisiation of THE third and second millennia B.C. Despite many excavations and THE discovery of many samples of THEse types of shells, no furTHErgoing investigation on THEse specific objects was undertaken so far. This desideratum reveals more valuable findings in THE archeology of THE Iranian plateau. THErefore, one of this article's final goals is to focus more on analyzing THE context of THE discovery of seashells in future Excavation

Bazaars are among THE few historical buildings that still continue to operate. THE Bazaar in a city has been important not only from economic aspects but also from cultural and social aspects. Today, THE empty space of such urban spaces, which can become a lasting space by creating a sense of belonging and peace, while meeting THE needs of today's people, is felt very much. Sound is one of THE main factors in creating memories in THE human mind. In order to investigate THE role of sound in THE traditional architecture of Iran, a research was conducted in THE Vakil Bazzar of Shiraz. THE final goal of this research is to investigate THE quantitative and qualitative conditions of THE sound using sound meter software in THE Vakil Bazzar of Shiraz. THE permissible level of noise pollution in urban spaces is 60 decibels based on THE resolution of THE Supreme Council of Environmental Protection of Iran for commercial areas. THE results of this research indicate that in THE quietest conditions, THE noise pollution for at least 33% of THE Bazzar space is higher than THE maximum allowed amount of noise pollution. How to improve THE sound conditions in Vakil Bazzar, such as reducing noise by creating a masking sound source, creating a pond and a fountain, is one of THE most important results of this research.

THE reception of Popper in Japan has not been a glorious history up to THE present day. THEre have been numerous misunderstandings and distortions. It is important to record and discuss THEm in order to learn from THEm and to make use of his ideas in THE Japanese intellectual climate. This is THE purpose of THE present paper. From THE perspective of THE reception history, we searched THE reasons why Popper has been misunderstood in Japan (especially in four areas: philosophy, economics, history, and political philosophy), and tried to identify some of THE factors responsible for this misunderstanding. To this end, we applied THE method of “situational analysis” to THE Japanese peculiar intellectual situation after THE so-called après guerres, raTHEr than by using a chronological order. If THE causes of misunderstandings and distortions in Japan can be clarified by means of a situational analysis, we can learn a great deal from this history and can use this knowledge to throw new light on THE status of critical rationalism in Japan